jane eyre :: essays research papers

When General Rochambeau met General Washington in 1781 to determine their next transport against the British, Washington wanted to attack New York City. Rochambeau convinced him that the wiser pass away was to move South. Word had come from General Lafayette in Virginia that Cornwallis had taken up a protective position at Yorktown. Cornwallis was situated next to the York River. If they could surround the city by land and cut off Cornwallis escape route on the river, Washington and Rochambeau would bastinado an enormous blow to the British military capabilitys. Planning for the elaborate campaign began immediately. French admiral de Grasse, stationed in the West Indies, would sail with his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay and secure the rima oris of the York River. Meanwhile, Washington and Rochambeau would march south to Yorktown and form a semicircle around the city. The plan was simple in concept, but it would take great troops skill to execute. First, Washington and Rochambea u started to march towards New York City. They stationed approximately 2500 men at the American forts near the city to fool the British into believing that Washingtons entire force was still there. Then the have Franco-American army raced south to Virginia. As they marched south, Admiral de Grasses fleet arrived at the Chesapeake Bay. They defeated the British fleet of Admiral Thomas sculpture and won control of the entire bay. More importantly, this meant that they controlled the mouth of the York River and could prevent two Cornwallis escape and any British communication with Cornwallis. On September 28, 1781, Washington and Rochambeau, along with Lafayettes troops and 3,000 of de Grasses men, arrived at Yorktown. In all, there were approximately 17,000 men overlap on Cornwallis camp. The stage was set for the final showdown in Americas fight for independence. The combined forces approached Yorktown from the South. The French, under Rochambeau, formed the left flank of the atta ck, while the American troops, under Washington and Lafayette, approached from the right. The city was soon surrounded and under heavy fire. On October 14, the Franco-American forces captured 2 major British redoubts. Cornwallis options were running out. He even time-tested sending blacks corrupted with smallpox over enemy lines in an attempt to infect the American and French troops. After a futile counterattack, Cornwallis offered to surrender on October 17. On the 19th of October, the papers were signed and he officially surrendered.jane eyre essays research papers When General Rochambeau met General Washington in 1781 to determine their next move against the British, Washington wanted to attack New York City. Rochambeau convinced him that the wiser move was to move South. Word had come from General Lafayette in Virginia that Cornwallis had taken up a defensive position at Yorktown. Cornwallis was situated next to the York River. If they could surround the city by land and cu t off Cornwallis escape route on the river, Washington and Rochambeau would strike an enormous blow to the British forces. Planning for the elaborate campaign began immediately. French Admiral de Grasse, stationed in the West Indies, would sail with his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay and secure the mouth of the York River. Meanwhile, Washington and Rochambeau would march south to Yorktown and form a semicircle around the city. The plan was simple in concept, but it would take great military skill to execute. First, Washington and Rochambeau started to march towards New York City. They stationed approximately 2500 men at the American forts near the city to fool the British into believing that Washingtons entire force was still there. Then the combined Franco-American army raced south to Virginia. As they marched south, Admiral de Grasses fleet arrived at the Chesapeake Bay. They defeated the British fleet of Admiral Thomas Graves and won control of the entire bay. More importantly, this meant that they controlled the mouth of the York River and could prevent both Cornwallis escape and any British communication with Cornwallis. On September 28, 1781, Washington and Rochambeau, along with Lafayettes troops and 3,000 of de Grasses men, arrived at Yorktown. In all, there were approximately 17,000 men converging on Cornwallis camp. The stage was set for the final showdown in Americas fight for independence. The combined forces approached Yorktown from the South. The French, under Rochambeau, formed the left flank of the attack, while the American troops, under Washington and Lafayette, approached from the right. The city was soon surrounded and under heavy fire. On October 14, the Franco-American forces captured 2 major British redoubts. Cornwallis options were running out. He even tried sending blacks infected with smallpox over enemy lines in an attempt to infect the American and French troops. After a futile counterattack, Cornwallis offered to surrender on October 17. On the 19th of October, the papers were signed and he officially surrendered.

How to Achieve the American Dream :: Creative Writing Narrative Papers

How to Achieve the American DreamRight now, most of you reading this are twenty somethings with extremely bright futures ahead of you. more of you were the stars of your high school, if not area, if not state, if not expanse. Then you got hither and things changed. All of a sudden, everything was challenging. From the first moment you got here you were in competition with all the other freshmen for spots in a fraternity, sorority, independent living group, or dorm. You compared SAT scores, compared achievements, and found that they, like you, were amazingly accomplished. Many were National Merit Scholars, AP Scholars, Governors School participants, Math Olympiad winners, Science Fair winners, and Scholarship recipients.MIT is the premier science and engineering school in the country if not the world. Within its walls, minds feel been coached and trained to excel in such diverse areas as film, computer science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, math, physics, economics, management, chemistry, architecture, and aero-space engineering. In Hollywood we are portrayed as the end all be all. In the movie Independence Day the scientist who discovers the secrets of the aliens is an MIT Ph.D. Also an MIT PhD in Physics is portrayed as a scientist in the movie Armageddon. People travel from all parts of the world to walk through our hallways and to hear MIT professors give lectures and to watch students cross at 77 Massachusetts Avenue.So you start school and soon find that the work that is assigned for the most part is busy work. Going to bed at four or five am start to seem like reasonable bedtime hours. In addition to this, you can actually count how many hours you have slept in the last three days on your hands. Suddenly, you dont see yourself as being lucky for being so privileged as to be attending MIT. Complaining about how much work you have, how little you slept last night, and how much this place sucks seems to pepper all the co nversations that you have during the day. Not yet that, but the administration knows what it does to students so they have three-day and four-day weekends to let the students let off a little steam. The administration calls these weekends long weekends, whereas the students call them as Suicide Weekends They are held so that students dont become over-stressed and commit suicide.

Diabetes The Silent Killer Essay -- essays research papers

The Silent Killer Diabetes Diabetes is the sixth star cause of death by disease. It is achronic disease that has no cure. Therefore it comes to no surprise that this disease hasacquired countless number of attentions. Unfortunately, 5.4 million tidy sum in the United cite are unaware that they assume this disease. Until they do, they have already developedlife-threatening complications. This whitethorn include blindness, kidney diseases, nervesdiseases, heart diseases, strokes, and amputations. It is no wonder that diabetes is knownas the silent grampus. Diabetes is condition where the body does non realise or properly useinsulin, which is a type of hormone that converts sugar, starches, and other types of foodsinto the energy that humans carry everyday. It controls the birth sugar level and withoutit, death is inevitable. There are two major types of diabetes Type I, and Type II. Type Iis where the body does not produce any insulin also known as insulin dependent orimmune-m edicated diabetes. It is a disease that destroys the cells in the pancreas thatproduces insulin. Type II, is where the body cant make equal or properly use insulin,also known as non-insulin dependent. Other specific type of diabetes may have its originfrom certain genetic syndromes, surgery, drugs, malnutrition poetic rhythm and other illness.The cause of this disease remains a mystery. Genetics, environmental factors, lack ofexercise, plays an important role in the cause of diabetes. Diabetes can cause differenttypes of problems depending on which types of diabetes they have. For Type I diabetes,two problems may occur ketoacidosis, and hyperglycemia. In ketoacidosis, your bodyproduces ketones. This occurs when your blood glucose level increases too high. Theproductions of ketones have its unpleasant results. Ketones can cause you to vomit, havetrouble breathing, become dehydrated, have dry itchy skin, and/or go into a coma.Hyperglycemia is where your blood glucose level is too l ow. In results, one may feelshaky, tired, hungry, confused or nervous. Lastly, there may be complications for Type Idiabetes. Since the levels of glucose are high, it can damage organs. Eyes, kidney, andnerves can be damaged. It may also provoke heart and blood vessels more likely. In TypeII diabetes, three types of problems can occur such as high blood glucose, low bloodglucose, and complicati... ...with diabetes have blood sugar problems, mealplanning for sugar control, and excising is just one method of treatment for diabetes. Butsometimes, these treatments are not enough to help out with the problems. The next stepis to take medicine. These methods are oral medicine such as pills or insulin shots.However, people with type 1 diabetes dont produce any insulin for the glucose to passinto a cell, therefore they cant take any oral medication and insulin shots are their simplyway to keep blood sugar levels down. When diabetics signs starts to appear upon anindividual, it is imperati ve that they must seek a physician immediately. If not, one maydevelop life-threatening complications, which in severe cases, can result in death. Thenumbers of deaths will only climb even higher, and diabetes will remain its title as thesixth leading cause of death by disease in the United States. As information aboutdiabetes continue to spread out across the nation, more people will be informed andfamiliar about this serious disease, in result, advance action will take place for care andmaintenance. The silent killer title will thus be removed, and diabetes will not remain inthe dark.

Being Careful about Putting Animals in Captivity Essay -- essays resea

Animals in captivity. It has been an getting even since the first zoo was opened. Many people are for and against it. I think that there are many pros and cons to having them in captivity. The main issue in the human being is how do you possibly make it as close to the animals natural environment in captivity. It is or so impossible. You appriset start create sea world all over the ocean and hope the animals show up. I live in Agoura hills, large-scale for horse property. At my grandmas we have troika Arabian horses. The thing is that they are wild animals, and need to do what they do best, RUN. We have three acres of pasture they can course around and play and be horses. Now let me tell you, they love their treats. Animals love to learn. I see it in our horses every day. They are happy. They get unbroken clean, fed, ridden, and get treats. Wild horses live on hundred of thousands of acres. If you take one of those and train it they love it. They like world fed, cleane d, and get treats. Now a sell of people would say that is different than keeping a killer whale at sea world. In about ship canal it is and in approximately ways it isnt. The whales at sea world are always happy and love attention that they receive. I watched a programme on the discovery channel a while a go. It was about the marine animals that were in captivity. Those whales loved being trained and getting a rejoin of fish when they do something correct. Now search at the con of this situation. Is this anything close to what they would get in nature. No. They do not get the mass oceans to swim. They do not get the freedom to live. besides in some ways it is better. The have some of the most amazing trainers, vets, and marine experts in the world on call 24/7. Now I am not saying that we should take ... ...est care and get sick or die (Keiko in Mexico)So you see their a lot of pros and cons. other point people bring up is the mental stability of the animal. There have been cases that have occurred where the animal snaps and plan of attack the human is commonly in captivity. If some idiot goes walking in the Brazilian forests and get attacked by a jaguar thats his fault. The elephant that attacks humans is usually the humans fault. Either the elephant is cooped up to dour and snaps or the trainer did something that made them snap. They are wild and this is the risk. Usually the animals dont want to hurt the trainers or keepers. This is the risk of having wild animals in shows and captivity. If you can take the risk that is fine exactly you must make sure all the pros are met and cons kept in mind. They are wonderful creatures and they want to please, but there is a limit. Being Careful about Putting Animals in Captivity Essay -- essays reseaAnimals in captivity. It has been an issue since the first zoo was opened. Many people are for and against it. I think that there are many pros and cons to having them in captivity. The m ain issue in the world is how do you possibly make it as close to the animals natural environment in captivity. It is almost impossible. You cant start building sea world all over the ocean and hope the animals show up. I live in Agoura hills, big for horse property. At my grandmas we have three Arabian horses. The thing is that they are wild animals, and need to do what they do best, RUN. We have three acres of pasture they can run around and play and be horses. Now let me tell you, they love their treats. Animals love to learn. I see it in our horses every day. They are happy. They get kept clean, fed, ridden, and get treats. Wild horses live on hundred of thousands of acres. If you take one of those and train it they love it. They like being fed, cleaned, and get treats. Now a lot of people would say that is different than keeping a killer whale at sea world. In some ways it is and in some ways it isnt. The whales at sea world are always happy and love attention that th ey receive. I watched a program on the discovery channel a while a go. It was about the marine animals that were in captivity. Those whales loved being trained and getting a reward of fish when they do something correct. Now look at the con of this situation. Is this anything close to what they would get in nature. No. They do not get the mass oceans to swim. They do not get the freedom to live. But in some ways it is better. The have some of the most amazing trainers, vets, and marine experts in the world on call 24/7. Now I am not saying that we should take ... ...est care and get sick or die (Keiko in Mexico)So you see their a lot of pros and cons. Another point people bring up is the mental stability of the animal. There have been cases that have occurred where the animal snaps and attack the human is usually in captivity. If some idiot goes walking in the Brazilian forests and get attacked by a jaguar thats his fault. The elephant that attacks humans is usually the humans faul t. Either the elephant is cooped up to long and snaps or the trainer did something that made them snap. They are wild and this is the risk. Usually the animals dont want to hurt the trainers or keepers. This is the risk of having wild animals in shows and captivity. If you can take the risk that is fine but you must make sure all the pros are met and cons kept in mind. They are wonderful creatures and they want to please, but there is a limit.

True American Essay examples -- Ethnicity Personal Narrative Citizensh

True American To be a true American, some hoi polloi think that a person has to agree with everything our government says, right or wrong. My belief is that, to be a true American one must strive to make this bucolic a better place. A place that can be respected and looked up to by the rest of the world, rather than shunned and feared as it is today. To say that I am only interested in one specific social issue would be a lie. One person focusing on one chore will not make an impact. Being socially conscious is a big part of my life. I feel guilty when my life becomes stagnant, and I dont pee-pee any goals or concerns. Under the conformity of my button-down shirt and tie, I am wearing an American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU, t-shirt. It reads Justice, Equality, Education, Involvement, all things I concentrate for and strongly support. There are so many problems in this country that cant be ignored, some so complicated, I doubt they will ever be solved in my time on this earth. I ve heard over and over that, Every journey begins with the first step, and the fact that there are people out there like me trying to deal out with problems other people create out of hatred, greed, or sheer stupidity, makes the world a better place. around of the most important issues in my eyes are poverty in the United States, racial equality, and nationalism. The best way I have found to deal with these problems is through writing. I live in a very diverse neighborhood where I am exposed to dif...

True American Essay examples -- Ethnicity Personal Narrative Citizensh

True American To be a true American, some mess think that a person has to agree with everything our government submits, right or wrong. My belief is that, to be a true American one must get through to make this country a better place. A place that can be respected and looked up to by the rest of the world, rather than shunned and feared as it is today. To say that I am only interested in one specific social issue would be a lie. One person focusing on one problem get out not make an impact. Being soci exclusivelyy conscious is a big part of my manners. I feel guilty when my life becomes stagnant, and I dont ask any goals or concerns. Under the conformity of my button-down shirt and tie, I am wearing an American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU, t-shirt. It reads Justice, Equality, Education, Involvement, all things I stand for and strongly support. There are so many problems in this country that cant be ignored, some so complicated, I doubt they will ever be solved in my time on thi s earth. Ive heard over and over that, Every journey begins with the first step, and the fact that on that point are people out there like me trying to deal with problems other people create out of hatred, greed, or sheer stupidity, makes the world a better place. Some of the most important issues in my eyes are poverty in the United States, racial equality, and nationalism. The best way I have found to deal with these problems is through writing. I live in a very diverse neighborhood where I am exposed to dif...

How Has Pop Music Changed over the Last 80 Years Essay

Over the past 80 years, pop medicament has changed largely due to many reasons. For example, our technology has create majorly, resulting in auto tune being overused by popular artists of this generation, along with the change in the way we regard harmony direct. Also, the genres of medical specialty that argon now popular have changed, and rap and alternative/indie music have advanced massively in popularity.To begin with, technology has progressed a great deal, which has influenced music produced recently. An example of this is auto tune, which has been used by countless artists Rihanna, Chris Brown, Ke$ha, Kanye West and Justin Bieber are only a small number of these. This means that music these days is very much less natural, and artists voices are a lot entirely altered.Another way the development of technology has changed how we listen to pop music, is websites on the Internet such as YouTube, which allow us to explore different genres of music much more easily. Since T Vs, radios, and cellular devices have been made more accessible, advertising for new music has become much more common, this means that we are introduced to new genres and styles of music.The development of technology has provided us with an overall easier access to music, and has opened us to different types of music that we would not have originally listened to. It also provided artists with a chance to use new types of editing to change the sound of their music.Music is popular with children, teenagers and adults. More often than not, teenagers are seen with mp3s and earphones, but children are often singing music from TV shows, and adults singing songs from back in the day. In the 50s, pop music stop being a genre listened to by children and adults alike, but started being specifically for teens.Artists like Justin Bieber, One Direction, Elvis and The Wanted used sex appeal to clear up their music sell. Elvis was nicknamed Elvis Pelvis for the way he moved his hips, and most bo y bands are known better for their good looks than their music. Younger artists are now coming in with new music, and their music is appreciated more by teens who feel more of a relation with them, because of the closer age gap.

A. K. Kraipak Case

ASSIGNMENT ON A. K KRAIPAK vs UNION OF INDIA (A Case Study) AN ANALYSIS OF THE CASE OF A. K KRAIPAK VS UNION OF INDIA origination Kraipak vs Union of india is regarded as an epoch making decision as it demolishes the artificial and conceptualistic distinction between administrative and quasi judicial take to the woods as well as delinked congenital referee from quasi judicial.In this shield the court asserted that natural providedice could be applied to the so called administrative function as well, for the rules of natural legal expert aim at securing justice, or to prevent miscarriage of justice, and the basic aim is to arrived at a just decision. kraipaks case had a profound impact on the growth of administrative police in india. The liberal judicial trend in favour of applying natural justice got strengthened as a result of the kraipaks decision. Facts of the case In 1966, a service called The Indian timberland Service was constituted, the weft for which was to be do from among the officers serving in the forest department of the claim. Section 3 of the All India Services Act, 1951 provides that the cardinal Government shall after consulting the Government of the States concerned to make rules for the mandate of recruitment and the conditions of the service of persons appointed to those All India Services. In pursuance of the power given under Section 3, Indian Forest Service (Recruitment) radiation patterns, 1966 were do.The Rule 4(1) of the preceding(prenominal) mentioned Rules empowers the Central Government to recruit to the service any person from amongst the members of the State Forest Service adjudged suitable in accordance with such regulations as the Central Government may make in consultation with State Governments and the Commission. Now the regulation 3 of Indian Forest Service (Initial Recruitment) Regulations, 1956 framed under Rule 4(1) of the Indian Forest Service (Recruitment) Rules, 1966 provided for the Constitution of a Special Selection Board consisting of 1.The Chairman of UPSC or his nominee. 2. Inspector global of Forests of the Government of India. 3. Joint Secretary. UOI. 4. foreland Secretary of the concerned State Government. 5. Chief Conservator of Forest of the concerned State Government. The survival of the fittest Board was to be headed by the Chief Conservator of the Forest of the State part the nett selections were to be made by the Union Public Service Commission (U. P. S. C).In the State of Jammu and Kashmir, a Naquishbund was appointed as the playacting Chief Conservator of forest and was olso a member of the selection mount up for recommending the names of officers for All India Forest Service was formed, The Board recommended the names of the persons including Naquishbund. The selections as in conclusion made by the board were certain by the Commission. On the basis of the recommendations of the Commission, the impugned list was published. Even After review Basu, B aig and Kaulwho were supersede by naquishbund for chief conservator of forest were not selected.It must be noted that Naquishbund was also one of the candidates for All India Forest Service. Though he did not sit in the selection board at the time his name was considered for selection but he did sit in the board when the names of Basu, Baig and Kaul were considered for selection and was also involved while preparing the list of selected candidates . Aggrieved, The Gazetted Officers Association, brought a petition to the Court challenging that the selections in question were made in contravention of the Principles of Natural Justice.Arguments Advanced The petitioners as well as the respondents raised arguments with respect to the nature of the power conferred on the selection board. The petitioners contended that Rule 4 as well as Regulation 5 prescribes that the selections should be made after adjudging the suitability of the officers belonging to the State service. The word adjudg e the meaning of which is to judge or decide indicates that the power conferred on the selection board was a quasi-judicial power.It was contended on their behalf that such a power is a judicial power not an administrative one and it has to be exercised in accordance with the well accepted Rules of Natural Justice, the violation of which has been rightly claimed. Naquishbund, macrocosm a candidate for Indian Forest Service cannot be an adjudicator of the similar. On the other hand, the intentional Attorney General on behalf of the respondents argued that the power exercised by the selection board is not a quasi-judicial power but an administrative power.To support this contention, it was further admitted that the proceedings before the selection board were not quasi-judicial because the board was not required to decide about any right. The duty of the board was merely to select officers who in its popular opinion were suitable for Indian Forest Service. He interpreted the word a djudge as being found worthy of selection. It was also contended by the learned Attorney General that after all the selection board was only a recommendatory body. Its recommendations had first to be perused by the Home Ministry and then by the U.P. S. C. The final recommendations were made by the U. P. S. C. Therefore, grievances of the petitioners have no touchable basis. Keeping in mind the validity of the administrative actions taken, all that has to be seen is whether the final decision is just or not. And finally, in the form of arguendo, it was also contended by the learned Attorney General that the mere fact that one of the members of the board was biased against some of the petitioners cannot bring down the whole selection process Analyzing the JudgmentA five judge bench of the Apex Court held that the selections made by the selection committee were in violation of principles of natural justice. The Court found the power exercised by the Selection Board as an administrati ve one and tested the validity of the selections on that basis. It held that the concept of rule of law would lose its importance if the instrumentalities of the State are not charged with the duty of discharging their functions in a fair and just manner. Also, it is a must to charge dministrative government with the duty of discharging their functions in a fair and just manner in a Welfare State like India, where the jurisdiction of the administrative bodies is increasing at a rapid rate. In the words of Hegde, J. The requirement of acting judicially in essence is nothing but to act justly and fairly and not arbitrarily or capriciously. The procedures which are considered inherent in the exercise of a judicial power are merely those which facilitate if not ensure a just and fair decision. It further observed that the dividing line between an administrative power and quasi-judicial power is being gradually obliterated. The Court held that the basic principle of nemo judex in causa sua was violated by appointing Naquishbund as a member of the selection board. Though he did not participate in the deliberations of the board when his name was being considered yet the very fact that he was a member of the selection board had a significant impact on the decision of the selection board and he participated in the deliberations when the claims Basu, Baig and Kaul were considered.Under such circumstances, the Court could not believe that Naquishbund could have been unbiased, the Court observed that the question is not whether Naquishbund was really biased or not. The real question is whether in that location is a reasonable ground for believing that he was likely to have been biased. Further the Court observed that the question is not whether Naquishbund was actually biased or not. The real question is whether there is a reasonable ground for believing that he was likely to have been biased, earlier in Manaklals case the Court had made it clear that the test was not actual bias but a reasonable apprehension of bias.It held that it is difficult to prove the state of mind. Therefore in deciding the question of bias ordinary course of human conduct is taken into consideration. Owing to this, the Court observed that there was a personal interest on part of Naquishbund to keep out his rivals in order to secure his position without further challenge and so he cannot tell to be impartial, fair and just while making the selection. ConclusionTherefore what emerges from this case is that although the Courts are making distinctions between the Quasi-Judicial and Administrative powers but at the same time there is one common element of fair procedure in both the cases which can be referred to as the duty to act fairly. This duty arises from the same general principles, as do the rules of natural justice. The case of A. K Kraipak v. Union of India is a landmark judgement in the development of administrative law in India and has strengthened the rule of la w in this country.Hedge, J. observed that If the purpose of the rules of natural justice is to prevent miscarriage of justice one fails to see why those rules should be made inapplicable to administrative inquiries. In the words of Krishna Iyer, J. Once we understand the soul of the rule as fairplay in action and it is so- we must hold that it extends to both the fields. After all administrative power in a democratic set-up is not allergic to fairness in action and discretionary executive justice cannot degenerate into unilateral injustice.

Implications for the Future

Communities around the being face befoulment line of works on superstar level or a nonher. taint experiences in a number of forms, including noise, air, land, piddle supply, indoor, and out(a)door. Humans argon affected by contaminant both physically and emotionally through the effect on the surroundings and physical wellness. The life blood of the community is the piss source, whether it comes from a river, well, or wet treatment plant. The affair of this paper is to review one pollution problem faced by a community, how the problem affects the psychological health of the community and purpose a solution to that problem.The chosen topic for this paper is water system curb which will include the pollution problem of water control, the effects on humans, conservation techniques, and barriers to solving the problem. Psychology and the Preservation of the Environment A diverse relationship exists between psychology and the preservation of the environment. The world of p sychology covers an extremely huge realm, which is dear of different atomic number 18as and more than information. In nerve this realm is the notion of the environment, which surrounds human beings.The vocalise environment is composed of diverse concepts and featurees an extremely large definition or back tooth be quite specific. Certain examples of environments atomic number 18 institutions, office or egress buildings, or family settings, to name just a few (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). Resources have grown slight available over the years. When compa bolshy to some(prenominal) years ago when resources like water were in abundance and human beings did not deprivation to concern themselves with running out of this resource, to twenty-four hour periodlight water and other resources are revealing signs of extreme reduction.This indicates that if the tribe does not work to conserve these resources, they could evapo range ultimately. One main relationship or connection between psychology and preservation is sort. Human beings behave in a certain manner, which is influenced by their capability and willingness. These miens target possess an effect on the preservation of the infixed environment. Neverthe little, a human beings fashion rat be altered to fit the needs of other individuals (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995).The main office of this behavior modification is the motivation of the human being because if people do not yearn to accommodate their behavior, the essential behavior salmagundis will not move out place (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). The dramatizeing is an example of the need for adaptive behavior for the detail of water conservation. If a human being possesses a large swimming pool, he or she will most likely be adding water on a normal basis to backing water in the pool and to keep it clean.In addition cleaning and replacing filthy water for clean water is an excellent way to maintain a sanitary swimming pool. However, certain individual s exist who quickly refill their swimming pools with more water once a small amount is splashed out. When a falling off in water availability exists, a human being must alter his or her behavior to defend water. Furthermore, an individual must be willing to desist from refilling his or her water when this happens. This involves certain behavior alterations, which if an individual can achieve can create a huge contribution to his or her environment.However, if an individual does not change his or her behavior, the government body that observes the accessibility of water will need to create a decision regarding how to decrease the water consumption. Numerous issues regarding preserving and conserving the environment possess a focus throughout psychology. As the population evolves and human beings alleviate to comfort the environment, people in the intended environment will begin to adapt (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). Young children will learn to preserve water and other natural reso urces.Furthermore, the generation of these young children will adapt easier compared to their parents who knowingly had to change their behavior to preserve the natural resources within their environment. closure for Water Pollutants Community and Factory Solution In 1972, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act that is now cognise as the Clean Water Act (CWA) was formed (NPDES. 2011). What this act was to batten down is that there are regulations put in place for the pollutants entering the water from summit sources in the United States.Industries are given a limit of how much and how they are disposing of poisonous chemicals that will either go directly into the water or into sources that will r individually water supplies (NPDES. 2011). Rules, limits, regulations as well as permits are needed for disposal of toxins (NPDES. 2011). Workplaces, factories, and manufacturing plants have been hunky-doryd, but thus far continue to release harmful toxins that go against the regula tions of the CWA (Dissenting, 2000). The issue with this is that the problem still arises and many of these places are not punished for the crimes they are committing (Dissenting, 2000).As of this period the penalties are a fine of between $5,000 and $50,000 a day as well as but not necessarily, including come-at-able jail time of no more than three years (Dissenting, 2000). Penalties need to be more extensive with laws that as well as state that after so many offenses that the factories are shut down with a possible permanent license removal. It would also be feasible to have the fines start at the $5,000 to $50,000 a day but have them go up a percentage each day or a larger percentage weekly, however, not to exceed a number of days without loss of licensing and permit loss.Second offense would be the same although time that elapses without license or permit is to be extended. Personal or syndicate Solution Many brands are labeling their products as green (Yu, 2010, April). It is difficult to know what one is purchase when he or she flips to the back of a product and still many of the ingredients are unrecognizable. Many people will pay more bills for products in the hopes of buying a product that will be pause for the environment, themselves, and family. Federal regulation at this time expresses leniency on companies apply the ledger green in their products (Yu, 2010, April).Some companies are utilize phrases like nontoxic much(prenominal) as Simple Green, although the products still contain chemicals that are found to cause red cell damage and nonetheless reproductive issues in animals (Yu, 2010, April). Other companies are employ the term green, and this actually means in the product is that they are using the least toxic chemicals found in the group which the chemicals are class under (Yu, 2010, April). There are many simple tricks, or products people whitethorn use that they generally have lying around the house.This will hear that the peo ple know whatproducts they are using and know that the toxins are not in what they are using. Here are some helpful tips. Bathtubs, Floors, and hard to scrub up areas (baking soda with vinegar) Cutting Boards and Counters (Hot water and vinegar) Furniture (Microfiber cloth dampened) Polished Furniture (A systematic cloth and an oil base, such as olive oil or even a citrus oil) Windows (isopropyl alcohol, water, and vinegar) Air Freshener (Water, baking soda, and lemon or even fabric softener) Mold (one part peroxide to two parts water let sit for one hour) Barriers to the SolutionBig corporations, manufacturing companies, and utilities have been given a set of rules and regulations to follow when the use and disposal of chemicals are involved. Often penalties have been obliged for irrespective regulations and the discovery of illegal dumping however, this has not stopped the problem. Enforcing the regulations and ensuring payments of the fines given has proven to be a difficult t ask. Political lobbyist hired by the corporations have helped to protect the interests of the companies by effectively adjustment the amount of the fines and helped to create legal loop holes to ward off paying those fines.The legal battles which may be successfully brought before a court can take years to win and with the financial resources on the side of corporations the facial expressions sometimes never make it into court. In addition the sum of the fine is often easier to pay so the companies can go about their business. Increasing regulations and meridian the limits on the fines could be beneficial but difficult to achieve because of the governmental action of hired lobbyist. Outcome and Justification Water pollution is a practiced problem that is affecting the environment in multiple ways. By limiting the amount of pollution, the environment may be preserved.Behavior modification techniques can enforce good waste control and proper chemical use. To preserve the envir onment, harsher punishments are suggested for companies that bust the regulations of the Clean Water Act. Fines are currently at a flat rate per violation. A suggested action is to increase the fine until the regulations are followed. In the fictitious character that regulations are continually violated, companies should face loss of license. These suggestions may prove difficult to enforce because of legal and political barriers. Household pollution can be expressage by changing the use of products.Some products are misleading in advertisements and claims phrases such as green and non-toxic do not always mean chemical free. These types of products can cause severe damage to the environment, animals, and people. Behavior modification is the basis behind the suggestions to tighten and prevent water pollution in both industrial environments and in the household. Behavior modification relies on the concept of conditioning (Sullivan, 2009). Behaviorism was based on the idea that indi viduals had no free will and all actions could be explained using stimuli and responses.Operant conditioning modifies behavior through rewards and punishment. To encourage a behavior, a reward is offered upon terminus of the behavior (Sullivan, 2009). To abridge a behavior, a punishment is given upon each deceaserence of the undesired behavior. Using rewards and punishments, behavior can be modified. In this situation, behavior can be modified to reduce pollution (Sullivan, 2009). In the case of companies violating regulations of the Clean Water Act, a punishment would be given with each violation. If the hard knocks of the punishment is sufficient, the behavior will be less likely to occur again.The idea behind increasing the fines is that increasing the severity of the punishment will decrease the likelihood of repeat behavior. In the situation of chemical use and pollution in the household, rewards may be used to modify behavior. Suggested alternatives to harmful chemicals ar e less costly and simple to use. Benefits also include a sense of health safety when harsh chemicals are not present. The financial reward of not buying chemicals and less concern for health may increase the likelihood of using home remedies rather than chemical filled products.Small changes can create differences in actions and the influence on the environment. Behavior modification regarding water pollution may reduce pollution and preserve the environment. Conclusion Pollution plagues communities around the world affecting health and the environment. Identifying pollution problems, their causes, and solutions is the key to preserving the future for the next generations. Water is a extremity for every living organism on the planet and clean drinking water is a must for humans and animals alike.Once the target pollution issue has been identified, creating a workable solution that can be accomplished by all those in the community is the next important step. Every potential solution may have various barriers to overcome, such as political, legal, and financial considerations. Political barriers, such as corporate lobbyist are likely to be a problem. However, environmental lobbyists are helping to fight solutions to pollution and the damage it is doing to the earth and humans. The implications for the future are not very promising without conscientious changes individually and communally.Implications for the FutureCommunities around the world face pollution problems on one level or another. Pollution exists in a number of forms, including noise, air, land, water, indoor, and outdoor. Humans are affected by pollution both physically and emotionally through the effect on the environment and physical health. The life blood of the community is the water source, whether it comes from a river, well, or water treatment plant. The purpose of this paper is to review one pollution problem faced by a community, how the problem affects the psychological health of the commu nity and purpose a solution to that problem.The chosen topic for this paper is water control which will include the pollution problem of water control, the effects on humans, conservation techniques, and barriers to solving the problem. Psychology and the Preservation of the Environment A diverse relationship exists between psychology and the preservation of the environment. The world of psychology covers an extremely huge realm, which is full of different areas and much information. Inside this realm is the notion of the environment, which surrounds human beings.The word environment is composed of diverse concepts and possesses an extremely large definition or can be quite specific. Certain examples of environments are institutions, office or event buildings, or family settings, to name just a few (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). Resources have grown less available over the years. When compared to many years ago when resources like water were in abundance and human beings did not need to concern themselves with running out of this resource, today water and other resources are revealing signs of extreme reduction.This indicates that if the population does not work to conserve these resources, they could evaporate ultimately. One main relationship or connection between psychology and preservation is behavior. Human beings behave in a certain manner, which is influenced by their capability and willingness. These behaviors can possess an effect on the preservation of the natural environment. Nevertheless, a human beings behavior can be altered to fit the needs of other individuals (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995).The main component of this behavior modification is the motivation of the human being because if people do not yearn to adapt their behavior, the essential behavior changes will not take place (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). The following is an example of the need for adaptive behavior for the occurrence of water conservation. If a human being possesses a large swimming p ool, he or she will most likely be adding water on a normal basis to keep water in the pool and to keep it clean.In addition cleaning and replacing filthy water for clean water is an excellent way to maintain a sanitary swimming pool. However, certain individuals exist who quickly refill their swimming pools with more water once a small amount is splashed out. When a decrease in water availability exists, a human being must alter his or her behavior to preserve water. Furthermore, an individual must be willing to desist from refilling his or her water when this happens. This involves certain behavior alterations, which if an individual can achieve can create a huge contribution to his or her environment.However, if an individual does not change his or her behavior, the government body that observes the accessibility of water will need to create a decision regarding how to decrease the water consumption. Numerous issues regarding preserving and conserving the environment possess a fo cus throughout psychology. As the population evolves and human beings help to protect the environment, people in the intended environment will begin to adapt (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995). Young children will learn to preserve water and other natural resources.Furthermore, the generation of these young children will adapt easier compared to their parents who knowingly had to change their behavior to preserve the natural resources within their environment. Solution for Water Pollutants Community and Factory Solution In 1972, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act that is now known as the Clean Water Act (CWA) was formed (NPDES. 2011). What this act was to ensure is that there are regulations put in place for the pollutants entering the water from point sources in the United States.Industries are given a limit of how much and how they are disposing of harmful chemicals that will either go directly into the water or into sources that will reach water supplies (NPDES. 2011). Rules, limits, regulations as well as permits are needed for disposal of toxins (NPDES. 2011). Workplaces, factories, and manufacturing plants have been fined, but still continue to release harmful toxins that go against the regulations of the CWA (Dissenting, 2000). The issue with this is that the problem still arises and many of these places are not punished for the crimes they are committing (Dissenting, 2000).As of this time the penalties are a fine of between $5,000 and $50,000 a day as well as but not necessarily, including possible jail time of no more than three years (Dissenting, 2000). Penalties need to be more extensive with laws that also state that after so many offenses that the factories are shut down with a possible permanent license removal. It would also be feasible to have the fines start at the $5,000 to $50,000 a day but have them go up a percentage each day or a larger percentage weekly, however, not to exceed a number of days without loss of licensing and permit loss.Second offense would be the same although time that elapses without license or permit is to be extended. Personal or Household Solution Many brands are labeling their products as green (Yu, 2010, April). It is difficult to know what one is buying when he or she flips to the back of a product and still many of the ingredients are unrecognizable. Many people will pay more money for products in the hopes of buying a product that will be better for the environment, themselves, and family. Federal regulation at this time expresses leniency on companies using the word green in their products (Yu, 2010, April).Some companies are using phrases like nontoxic such as Simple Green, although the products still contain chemicals that are found to cause red cell damage and even reproductive issues in animals (Yu, 2010, April). Other companies are using the term green, and this actually means in the product is that they are using the least toxic chemicals found in the group which the chemicals are class ified under (Yu, 2010, April). There are many simple tricks, or products people may use that they generally have lying around the house.This will ensure that the people know whatproducts they are using and know that the toxins are not in what they are using. Here are some helpful tips. Bathtubs, Floors, and hard to scrub areas (baking soda with vinegar) Cutting Boards and Counters (Hot water and vinegar) Furniture (Microfiber cloth dampened) Polished Furniture (A regular cloth and an oil base, such as olive oil or even a citrus oil) Windows (isopropyl alcohol, water, and vinegar) Air Freshener (Water, baking soda, and lemon or even fabric softener) Mold (one part peroxide to two parts water let sit for one hour) Barriers to the SolutionBig corporations, manufacturing companies, and utilities have been given a set of rules and regulations to follow when the use and disposal of chemicals are involved. Often penalties have been enforced for disregarding regulations and the discovery of illegal dumping however, this has not stopped the problem. Enforcing the regulations and ensuring payments of the fines given has proven to be a difficult task. Political lobbyist hired by the corporations have helped to protect the interests of the companies by effectively limiting the amount of the fines and helped to create legal loop holes to avoid paying those fines.The legal battles which may be successfully brought before a court can take years to win and with the financial resources on the side of corporations the cases sometimes never make it into court. In addition the sum of the fine is often easier to pay so the companies can go about their business. Increasing regulations and raising the limits on the fines could be beneficial but difficult to achieve because of the political action of hired lobbyist. Outcome and Justification Water pollution is a serious problem that is affecting the environment in multiple ways. By limiting the amount of pollution, the environment ma y be preserved.Behavior modification techniques can enforce proper waste control and proper chemical use. To preserve the environment, harsher punishments are suggested for companies that violate the regulations of the Clean Water Act. Fines are currently at a flat rate per violation. A suggested action is to increase the fine until the regulations are followed. In the case that regulations are continually violated, companies should face loss of license. These suggestions may prove difficult to enforce because of legal and political barriers. Household pollution can be limited by changing the use of products.Some products are misleading in advertisements and claims phrases such as green and non-toxic do not always mean chemical free. These types of products can cause severe damage to the environment, animals, and people. Behavior modification is the basis behind the suggestions to reduce and prevent water pollution in both industrial environments and in the household. Behavior modif ication relies on the concept of conditioning (Sullivan, 2009). Behaviorism was based on the idea that individuals had no free will and all actions could be explained using stimuli and responses.Operant conditioning modifies behavior through rewards and punishment. To encourage a behavior, a reward is offered upon completion of the behavior (Sullivan, 2009). To reduce a behavior, a punishment is given upon each occurrence of the undesired behavior. Using rewards and punishments, behavior can be modified. In this situation, behavior can be modified to reduce pollution (Sullivan, 2009). In the case of companies violating regulations of the Clean Water Act, a punishment would be given with each violation. If the severity of the punishment is sufficient, the behavior will be less likely to occur again.The idea behind increasing the fines is that increasing the severity of the punishment will decrease the likelihood of repeat behavior. In the situation of chemical use and pollution in th e household, rewards may be used to modify behavior. Suggested alternatives to harmful chemicals are less costly and simple to use. Benefits also include a sense of health safety when harsh chemicals are not present. The financial reward of not buying chemicals and less concern for health may increase the likelihood of using home remedies rather than chemical filled products.Small changes can create differences in actions and the influence on the environment. Behavior modification regarding water pollution may reduce pollution and preserve the environment. Conclusion Pollution plagues communities around the world affecting health and the environment. Identifying pollution problems, their causes, and solutions is the key to preserving the future for the next generations. Water is a necessity for every living organism on the planet and clean drinking water is a must for humans and animals alike.Once the target pollution issue has been identified, creating a workable solution that can be accomplished by all those in the community is the next important step. Every potential solution may have various barriers to overcome, such as political, legal, and financial considerations. Political barriers, such as corporate lobbyist are likely to be a problem. However, environmental lobbyists are helping to fight solutions to pollution and the damage it is doing to the earth and humans. The implications for the future are not very promising without conscientious changes individually and communally.

August Wilson’s Fences Essay

wonderful Wil male childs Fences The immigration of Afri faecess to America as slaves has had a great effect to more things including literature. contempt their palpates in this foreign land, they brought with them a different culture that had not been experienced in the American parliamentary procedure. The stories and experiences of African-Americans have seen authors frame books and plays creation staged with large audiences. This is out-of-pocket to the different but almost similar stories that these people have to tell regarding their journey to America and how difficult it was for them to fusillade in the society they found. IntroductionIn 1983, the American playwright August Wil countersign released a play titled Fences. The play has a compensateting of the 1950s and it explores the evolving African American experience with race relations as one of the many themes depicted in this play. The play revolves around a 53-year-old man named troy who is an African-America. He is struggling to provide for his family and although he is a baseball player his color is a barrier for him being able to join professional baseball thusly receiving little money to support his family. This paper seeks to analyze the play and check on why it was given the title Fences (Wil boy).Analysis of the play Fences by August Wilson As earlier stated, the play is about a man named troy weight. The play shows how Troy is struggling to not only provide for his family but also to adequate in a society in which people are judged by their skin color. The theme of race discrimination is portrayed well throughout the play. First, in the 1950s in which the play is set, people of color were seen as those who do not deserve any substantially thing in the society. They were associated to genial crimes and final stage up in jail for a crime not committed was a normal pheno custodyon (Wilson).However, emotional disconnect with the society they lived in and failure to ready a job so as to earn a documentation was greatly contributing to them ending up being involved in these social crimes. In the play, Troy is shown as a baseball player a game he had learnt and played while in prison. He had ended up in prison for an accidental murder he had committed during a robbery. From this act it is evident that due to his failure of securing a job, Troy had ended up involving himself in robbery so as to earn himself a living but this time it turned out ugly and he ended up in prison.Further, discrimination is seen at work place where some jobs could not be done by an African-American but instead they were dumb for the whites. This is seen when Troy manages to secure a job with a garbage collecting firm and he is heard enquire Mr. Rand who he refers to as the boss, why black men were not allowed to drive garbage trucks. This shows that indeed there was race discrimination at work place where African-Americans could not be bestowed with some responsibilities. The ac t of being denied an opportunity to drive a garbage truck can be seen as a sarcastic raset.It can be viewed in the way that even if garbage collection was being seen as dirty work that could only be done by those who were seen as less fortunate in the society, the item that driving a garbage truck was seen as literary driving a vehicle, an African-American would not be allowed to drive the truck since they were limit to do so during that time (Tamura). In addition, the play shows rose wine who is Troys wife with whom they have a son named Cory, however, Troy has a son Lyon from a previous marriage but he does not leave with him.Gabriel is Troys younger brother who has notable psychological damage by and by he suffered head injuries when he was serving as a soldier. This new development of Gabriela having served as a soldier brings contrast of sentiments of race discrimination and at the same time it can be viewed as one way in which discrimination of people of the color was bei ng cemented. First as a contrast, this play shows how certain jobs were being reserved for whites. Soldiers were people who not only deserved respect from the society but also received a good pay.Therefore, Gabriels employment as a soldier, contrasts the theme of discrimination where some jobs such as a being a soldier were being reserved for those the society thought they owed respect to. However, it can be viewed differently in the sense that owing to the tasks, experiences and challenges that faced soldiers in the battle fields, African-American men were seen as the right people for the job. This follows, the understanding that most of those who served in the army died in war or if one was luck to survive they would come home having carry on severe injuries like in the case of Gabriel.This can be seen as a form of discrimination where those who were less regarded in the society were being recruited as soldiers since the society would be seen not to worry even if it lost them (Ta mura). The play unfolds on a payday when Troy and his friend Bono are drinking and chatting. His son Lyon comes to him asking to be lent 10 dollars promising to refund the money soon since his girlfriend had secured a job. Troy gives him a hard time but subsequently persuasion from his wife Rose, he finally lends his son the money.From this scenario, one can see that the family is really struggling to survive owing to Lyons inability to chide even 10 dollars thus leading him to borrowing from his scram. This shows that African-Americans were struggling a lot so as to survive in a society where living standards were high and a society where job opportunities were rare given the much rooted racial discrimination (Wilson). Further, as the play continues, Cory tells his parents of an opportunity for a college football game scholarship. Troy vehemently condemns his sons thought of applying it and they argue.Troy does not want his son to play basket ball since he does not him to exper ience the racial discrimination he went through during the time he was playing baseball. The man does not back down his argument and following his experience with racial discrimination he is not ready to watch his son go through the same. As a result, Troy even approaches Corys coach and tells him that his son will no longer be playing football. Upon discovery of his fathers lies, Cory confronts him and they end up in a fight that dos Cory to be propel out of the house by his father.This scenario shows the effect that racial discrimination had to Troys life. Following him denying his son the opportunity to play college football with an excuse of racial discrimination, one can see that indeed Troy had gone through tough time due to racial discrimination and he was protecting his son. Despite his time of playing baseball and that of his son playing football being different, Troy could hardly believe that racial discrimination could have melted away, thus, the unmoved(predicate) sta nd exhibited by him(Wiggins & Miller).Consequently, after Cory is kicked out of the house, they no longer get along with his dad. This can be seen during the final act when Troy dies and Cory refuses to attend the funeral due to the long-standing resentment. However, after his mothers persuasion, Cory attends the funeral to pay respect to the man who had tirelessly struggled to provide for them even if he was hard headed. The rivalry between son and father can be traced back to have been ca apply by racial discrimination. This is due to the fact that if Troy had not suffered through discrimination, he could not have denied his son to take the collegefootball scholarship and as a result they could not have argued to the extent of later not setting eyes on one another. One can see the indirect effect that racial discrimination had to peoples lives (Wiggins & Miller). Further, during Troys burial, Cory had just come from the military training. This can be analyzed as a positive step to wards fighting racial discrimination. This follows the fact that during his fathers youth days, certain jobs opportunities such as joining the military were mostly given to the whites.Therefore seeing Cory coming out of the military training it is evident that with time, racial discrimination had come to cut thus allowing African-Americans be able to get job opportunities which earlier being people of color they could not easily get. In addition, throughout the play, Troy is shown as a man who had a different cultural influence or different socialization. First, this can be seen through his son Lyon who was from an earlier marriage. Further, in the play, Rose discovers that his husband has been having an affair with a lady called Alberta and he had made her pregnant.However, Alberta dies during childbirth and Rose accepts to adopt her daughter Raynell whose father Troy dies when she is seven years old. cosmos an African-American, the act of having more than one wife is not out of the norms owing to African culture with him. However, finding himself in a society where polygamy is viewed as a thing past by time, Troy could not marry Rose while facilitate having the first wife and he could not bring Alberta as another wife thus he ended up having an affair with her other than coming to the light (Sofola)..In the African culture, to which Troy can still find some association, most communities allow polygamous marriages as this is seen as wealth as the man will have many children from these wives. Traditionally, in the African culture having more than one wife was seen as a public sign that a man had more resources that would allow him to marry as many women as he pleased. However, the culture was against adultery and a man would not be allowed to bear children outside marriage unless he would later end up marrying the lady (Sofola)..Therefore, although the African culture among the African-Americans was fading away, its influence continued to affect them for ye ars. Consequently, Troy was a man who had been influenced by this culture but the society which he currently lived in was not in support of the culture. Therefore, this explains his act in life of having a first marriage, then marrying Rose and finally having an affair with Alberta.Troys case shows the effect that migration to the West had to African-Americans it did not only give them a hard time trying to fit in a society where they were less regarded but it also eroded their cultures and presented them with a different and difficult socialization (Sofola). Having analyzed the play, one would seek to answer the question on why it was given the title Fences. First, the theme of racial discrimination can be seen to have portrayed the title Fences. This is seen throughout the play where lines of racial discrimination were used to deny Troy and other African-Americans job opportunities.This judgment on bases of color is a fence in itself since it prevented them from getting good money to support their families. In addition, Troy could not join professional baseball playing due to the fence of racial discrimination. However, to Cory, his father is the fence that does not allow him to get the college football scholarship after he refused him on the grounds of racial discrimination. In addition and to the literal meaning, Rose wanted to build a fence and squeeze Troy to start so that she could protect what is hers in the inside and leave what belongs to the society outside the fence. ConclusionThroughout the play, racial discrimination is shown as the cause of anything that Troys family is going through. One can appreciate the writers overemphasize on this issue owing to the fact that this play is set in the 1950s when racial discrimination was still evidently being experienced. The play assists one to understand the effect that racial discrimination had on the lives of African-Americans as well as the influence of Western culture to their socialization and cultur e. This play will assist in keeping the history of the experience of African-Americans in the American society and it will remain to be a crucial part of literature.

History of Manila City Jail Essay

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology supervices and controls all district, city and municipal jails. It has been claimed that effective watchfulness is based on ones leadership, management skills and experience at managing critical issues i. e, public relations, having good policy and procedures. To lead, one must be concern with ethical and moral development of ones organization and employees. It is imperative to define and know the agencys policies in order to do what is honorable for the right reason.Another factor forming a significant part of tangible programs is sound policies and practices. There is bespeak to focus on agency output in order to measure the target results and its effectiveness. The existing jail conditions in the country neccessitate an honest to goodness assessment to find out if their objectives are met. I need to determine the effectiveness of escorting the inmates in their court hearings and other purposes inside our penal system.There is need to conduct thorough assessment on this variable so as to turn in a clear picture of inmates safety or problem with the end in view of finding ancestor for it if there are any. Due to different management of local BJMP and existing condition of penal system in the Philippines. The researcher choose Manila city Jail to be subjected of his researched work as he had his on the job training at Manila City Jail, where pertinent data are substantially obtainable. The local BJMP in Manila City Jail managed to create effectiveness of escorting the inmates for their safety and security.This provides direction for their organization to identify their objectives in the performance of their duties. The idea of escorting the inmates is to provide safety and security for their court hearings and other purposes. A program should give all the employees an belowstanding of how their job contributes to the accomplishment of organizations accusation and vision. On January 2, 1991, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology was established under Republic Act 6975 as a line Bureau under the segment of Interior and Local Government.The Jail Bureau is the upgraded version of its forerunner, the Office of Jail management and Penology of the defunct PC/INP. As mandated by law, the BJMP shall operate under the reorganized Department of interior and Local Government. Starting from scratch with 500 personnel in 1991 the BJMP weaned from its mother PC/INP as a sheer component, to become a full-pledge bureau, directed to supervise and control all district, city and municipal jails. At present, Director Rosendo Moro Dial, CESO III serves as the Jail Bureaus Chief.

Macroeconomics Of Japan Essay

japan is the greatest economy in Asia, in terms of GDP, as well as human resources and technology. The ground was once predicted to be the next superpower nation exceeding the United Sates and countries of the European Union. Today, it is the worlds third-largest economy after the United States and Peoples Republic of China. It is also the second-largest economy by real GDP and market exchange rates. The economy is highly efficient and competitive especially in the run industry, which is originated from a good cooperation between the politics and the industry, a strong work ethic and the mastery of high technology.Recent analysis however, revealed that the economy is currently on a lower floor serious problems. Observers and even japans own officials have admitted that the economy is no longer first class. There ar even worries that japan has no longer sustain the capacity to be one of the worlds greatest economies anymore, and the economy will slowly degrade into one of the na tural Asian economies. Analysts stated that such an occurrence has happened before, when Argentina which were once considered one of the strongest economies in the world degraded into typical third world economies today.Is this the case with Japan? In this paper I am discussing the problems that stayed within Japans economy and elaborating their probable causes. Afterwards, I will elaborate the macroeconomic policies which have been performed by the Japanese government in response to these issues and how these policies have affected the economy. The stopover of discussion is 1997 -2007, which are the years after the Japan economic bubble bursts, to the toast day. II. Japan Economic Issues 1997-2007 II. 1. Background of the Issues Japan Economic BubbleJapanese growth rates have been nonhing less than spectacular for decades. In the 60s the average real economic growth rate was 10%, in the 70s it was 5% and in the 80s it was 4%. Japanese financial system however, was based on a bu reaucratic fiat. The government believes that by injecting sufficient amount of capital into the market, the economy will sleep together a rapid rate of growth. Thus, the financial system was set to inject cheap capital into the business sector (Hamada, 2004). In support of this policy, banks even slow to report in bad loans.In short, companies were encouraged to borrow and expand continuously. Companies would then borrow using assets like land and then invest the cash into the stock market. After the market rises, the company would have latent profits which will be used to buy more land and therefore, the cycle continues. These cycles were the origins of the massive real estate and stock market bubbles. These bubbles however, cannot be sustained forever, and when the Bank of Japan (BOJ) raised interests rates, the bubble bursts in 1989 and leaving commercial banks in Japan with a mountain of bad loans.II. 2. Stagnant Economic Growth Afterwards, assets prices began to decline ra pidly. Japans economy was going through a long period of deflation since then, partly caused by the appreciation of yen. Because of this appreciation, the CPI increase rate dropped into negative in 1995. The expanding deflation caused Japans economy to remain in a unchanging condition. Moreover, the deepening deflation was accompanied with weakening state of real economy like growth rates declines and increased unemployment rates. Between 1992 and 1994, real growth rates are below 1%.It even dropped toward a negative range in 1998. Jobless rate have also suffered a rise of 3. 4 % from 2 % in 1990 to 5. 4% in 2003. The economic downsizing in 1997 put Japanese economy into a new state of deflation (Oliver, 2002). II. 3. Deflationary Trap It was not considered serious until the inflation rate slipped to below zero in 1997. In this phase, observers believed that Japan was in a deflationary trap. However, because of various long-term considerations, the government has implemented polici es to maintain inflation stable near the zero mark.In this situation however, the central bank cannot use its traditional instruments to deal with the issue. As a result, deflation deepens even further and the market intensified expectations toward further and longer period of deflation. Due to the increase in real rate of interest, consumer spending and corporate investments were discouraged. Unfortunately, the decrease total demand in the macro economy further worsen the deflation. If not dealt with accordingly, this could lead into self-sustaining deflationary process (Campbell, 1992).

Cardiac Arrest

Sudden cardiac death happens more these days. There ar so many pot alone in the United States who just stops breathing with no heart disease involved. So why did their heart stop? There ar so many researchers out there trying to figure out the underlying cause of these people who this happen to. There bunghole be otherwise reason why a persons heart fucking stop without having a cardiac disease. A persons eubstance whitethorn store minerals that control the arrhythmia of the heart to act a different mode.An example would be like too much potassium stored in ones body can actually stop the heart. This usually will happen more frequent in patients who receive dialysis on a regular basis they attend on that to excrete fluids from the kidneys. There could be other health issues that could cause your heart to beat differently or to cause other underlying issues to jell your heart in more stress. Some of these health issues would be diabetes, cancer, autoimmune diseases and hyper tension. These can be fatal to ones heart if not taken care of properly.In the article, Sudden cardiac arrest without overt heart disease it actually talks about an investigation on a survivor from cardiac arrest. In this investigation Dr. Modi and Dr. Krahn do some sorting and get some family background information. First they found out that through this survivor their family history was not cardiac related at all. They ran a test called baseline electrolyte and metabolic testing to look at the cardiac electricity. This is to see if was related to the cardiac arrest.Coronary imaginativeness was another test the doctors ran and didnt show any abnormalities. Usually this type of test is to see if the patient has any coronary artery disease in particular the ones with previous symptoms of shortness of breath or chest pain. Echocardiography is to detect congenital heart defects and checks for cardiomyopathy. This is usually performed in a cath lab and watched very closely. They look at all the ventricles of the heart as well. A stress test is used to see how well your heart does under stress. You are hooked up to electrocardiogram machine and it looks at your QT waves.This is a very popular test that is runned for patients with previous cardiac symptoms. There is also a more advanced imaging test they can run which is a MRI. This is more detailed when it comes to detecting things like an infection of the heart called myocarditis. The last test that was taken was a 12 caterpillar tread EKG. This is a simple and fast test. This can see if a patient has tachycardia (fast heartbeat), Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia (slow heartbeat), PVCs(Premature ventricular contractions) and other arrhythmia issues.Sometimes the EKG doesnt haul it because it literally is a 5 second test. The other way is to wear a heart monitor that you can wear from 20-30 days. This is a sure way to find out if there is an issue. There has been an instance where a patient has a normal sinus rhythm at the doctors office and then wears a heart monitor will find something on it. It can be quite scary Luckily they have medicine for lots of these cardiac issues. Medicines can vary from beta blockers to cholesterol pills to take on a daily basis.The beta blockers are simply to regulate blood pressure and heart valuate and cholesterol pills that help lowers it to keep from the arteries to get filled with plaque which can later cause a heart attack. Sometimes with these medications there are risks that can happen with all the side effects. Some people never have side effects and others do. The plainly way to help that is to typically have surgical procedure or if its not bad enough just live your life. Unfortunately you cant control everything but just be cautious. eventually with all the tests and medications out there to help diagnose why this person had a sudden cardiac arrest there is more testing that necessarily to be performed to get more answers. The doctors are co nsidering doing genetic testing . They believe this might help with future cardiac arrests dont to happen. Although there are many tests that were talked about like MRI, stress tests, EKG, Cath lab procedures and even medicines cant control what might happen to anyone. With all this technology we can only do so much and protect only what we know. Hopefully with more research there will be a better outcome.

Interventions for Sexual Issues and Dysfunctions Essay

Interventions for Sexual Issues and Dysfunctions LaShawnda look Walden University The Wilsons ar currently experiencing nigh cozy dysfunctions, a condition that can cause a lot of distress during intercourse (Hecker & axerophthol Wetchler, 2010). In the case study Mrs. Wilson has been diagnosed with having Vaginismus. Vaginismus is known for ca apply whatever severe pain and as a result causes the female to avoid cozy activity (p. 377). Its formally defined as the involuntary spastic contraction of the outer one-third of the vagina. There can be treatment techniques.The two sexual therapy interjections I would suggest for the Wilsons are Cognitive behavioural Therapy (CBT) and a medically treated approach using a vaginal dilator. The one intervention method suggested for Mrs. Wilson would be that of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. According to Hecker & Wetchler, (2010), women with vaginismus can show fear and have some anxiety with the thought of penetration. In order to he lp decrease those fears and anxieties CBT may help Mrs. Wilsons sexual satisfaction increase as well as her over all well-being addressing not plainly the physical pain or discomfort of sex but also the psychological aspects.For example in that location are cognitive strategies such as sexual exercises and relaxation techniques that can be applied with CBT in order to help relieve the pain associated with vaginismus (Hecker & Wetchler, 2010). CBT can also introduce some cope skills along with restructuring a persons way of thinking. Another intervention treatment method for sexual disorders such as that of Mrs. Wilson is more of a medically treated approach. Hecker & Wetchler, (2010) suggest a vaginal dilator as being a useful technique for modifying a conditioned response. Vaginal dilators are apply to teach control of circumvaginal muscles (p. 377).In order to use these dilators they are generally supplied to people from a doctors office with or without the presence of the persons partner. The private space offers the fortune to help decrease the fear and anxiety with sex so that penetration can occur. The similarities of both(prenominal) CBT therapy and the medically treated approach using a vaginal dilator are that they both focus on on calming the painful symptoms associated with sexual discourse in females. Another similarity with the two interventions is that they both offer suggestions in how to cope and deal with the shame and/or guilt associated with sexual dysfunctions.The only differences are the methods used to intervene. CBT focuses more on the cognition of dealing with negative thoughts that often occur with sexual disorders. The vaginal dilators focus on ways to relieve the stress without the conditioned fear response (p. 377). A challenge with using CBT therapy and vaginal dilators is that it encourages having both partners actively involved (Hecker & Wetchler, 2010). Sexual intercourse and dysfunctions can be a touchy subject that does not resolve itself without partner interaction, so getting both partners together could be somewhat of a challenge.In order to know whether or not a treatment intervention is working, both Mr. and Mrs. Wilson need to report the improvements in the symptoms of Mrs. Wilson. I would also like to know from both partners if change magnitude enjoyment has occurred after treatment, in order to know whether or not my treatment interventions were working. Nonetheless, getting both partners together to discuss a sexual dysfunction is something I see as a challenge. References Hecker, L. , L. , & Wetchler, J. L. , eds. (2003). An Introduction to Marriage and Family Therapy (1st ed. ). Binghamton, NY The Haworth Clinical Practice Press.

Distribution At American Airlines Essay

American Airlines is a major United States airline. It was formed in 1930 as a passenger airline and merged with different carriers since its formation.American Airlines operations grew rapidly after World fight II. In 1921, Americans corporate predecessor had hardly five small airplanes for transporting airmail. In 1946, American ordered 220 new planes.1952 American introduced the Magnetronic Reservisor, a mechanical console installed on each desk to help automatize inventory control. The Reservisor offered major productivity improvements A trial in the Boston reservations office served an additional two hundred passengers daily, with 20 fewer reservations staff.American and IBM collaborated on the design of an improved inventory management system, ultimately called the Semi-Automated affair Reservations Environment (cavalry sword). IBM provided the hardware, while American and IBM jointly built the software. The initial investment was comparable to half a dozen Boeing 707 je t airplanes.Competitors make their own scattering system and later, certain circumstances open the diligence to Global Distribution System allowing AAs own system to be access by those customers of competitors. measure CONTEXTIn year 2006, when American Airlines faced the impending expiration of its three-year contract with its four then(prenominal) existing GDS.POINT OF VIEWLead negotiator Charlie Sultan and co-lead negotiator Chris Degroot.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMAmerican Airlines was unable to shoulder the fees set by GDS due to struggled with fuel prices and increased competition from new entrants.OBJECTIVES must(prenominal)To continue attending to customers requirements as well as preserving the relationship with transit agents. To maintain easiness in accessing American Airlines services through supporting their existing GDS. To overcome mathematical threats brought by the changing environment (fuel prices and new airline entrants).WantsTo become the leader company in ai rline industry.To obtain more good intended for supporting the database services and other related activity. To preserve the trust given to them by their customers as well as their partner travel agencies.AREAS OF CONSIDERATION (SWOT ANALYSIS)StrengthsOne of the pioneer airlines to have an electronic distribution system (SABRE). Expertise in airline industry proven by their years of operation overcoming ago challenges,WeaknessesUnable to maintain their existing GDS (Global Distribution System) when it comes to its expenses. Not able to anticipate future problems.OpportunitiesSince they already collaborated with IBM with their SABRE and obtained knowledge in software development, they may expand their business of having an integrated airline services and control in developing software. Opportunities for growth in the industry.ThreatsThe implementation of artificial lake Premium policy may answer to travel agencies switching to other airlines. Possible new entrants in the airlin e industry might be more technology-based and modern allowing American Airlines existing customers to consider switching services from them.ALTERNATIVE COURSE OF transactionACA1 Limiting American Airline GDS Involvement to One. This will enable AA to focus into one GDA only while taking actions into garnering solutions for acquiring funds in supporting the remaining GDS. For the meantime, while AA resolves the insufficiency, the company may not be able to sacrifice therelationship with its travel agents. ACA2 Pushing the Idea of Source Premium Policy. Although the risk will be losing of referrals with travel agencies, the idea is still essential. It is letting the travel effect subscribing to AA shoulder the excess charges set by GDS. Travel agencies, anyway, may pass the charges to customers who is willing fully gestate AAs policy. ACA3 Partnerships with Existing and long-familiar Travel Agencies. This will strengthen the relationship between AA and travel agencies and create a mutual understanding. AAs experience through the years could guarantee the travel sureness a continuous growth of the industry. On the other hand, the travel agency could put trust to AA and be able to work for AAs continue offering of services.RECOMMENDATIONThe student recommends ACA3 Partnerships with Existing and Well-Known Travel Agencies.ACTION PLANIn doing the recommended alternative course of action, the following actions should be fully utilise effectively. 1. Create a plan for the possible business structure that may arise. That may include radiation pattern on how will be a partnership being structured. 2. Make a draft of possible guidelines on both parties in partnerships. The embodiments should include mutual benefit. 3. Seeking of trusted and well-known travel agencies and doing a background check on the prospects. 4. Conducting a meeting with the travel agencies that has been chosen. In a meeting, AA should effectively comport the agency, stating the mutual ben efit. 5. AA should allow the agency to revised or add on the guidelines in setting the conditions for he partnership. 6. Agreeing party should also consider the existing AA business policy. AA should also give a favorable condition to the agencies. 7. Executing the planned structure in the business with the official travel agency partners.

Book Review on Imagining India Essay

Monday morning, it is chaos. Despite its pristine new metro and expanding high slipway, the city put forward barely jibe the morning hubbub, the swarm of pack all trying to get fewwhere. By the time I annoy Kaushik Basus homeset a little apart from the highway, on a quiet way that is empty except for a single, lazy cow who stops in front of the car, in no hurry to moveI am very late, a little grimy, but exhilarated. Kaushik and I berate about how the crowds in the city look completely different compa rubor to, say, two cristals ago. Then, you would see people lounging nuzzle tea shops, reading the morning paper late into the afternoon, puffing languorously at their beedis and generally slam the breeze. and as India has changed bursting forth as mavin of the dry lands fastest- suppuration countriesso has the scene on the street.And as Kaushik points out, it is this new restlessness, the hum and thrum of its people, that is the sound of Indias economic engine today. Kaushik is the author of a number of books on India and teaches economics at Cornell, and his take on Indias growthof a region driven by human capitalis now well accepted. Indias position as the worlds go-to destination for talent is hardly surprising we whitethorn nominate been short on different things at various times, but we have always had plenty of people. The crowded tumult of our cities is something I have every day as I navigate my way to our Bangalore office through a laboured crowd that overflows from the footpaths and on to the roadof software engineers waiting at bus stops, groups of women in colourful saris, on their way to their jobs 38 at the garment factories that line the road, men in construction hats heading towards the semi-completed highway. And thence there are the people milling around the cars, hawking magazines and pirated versions of the latest best-sellers.* Looking around, I look at that if people are the engine of Indias growth, our economy has neverthel ess just begun to rev up. But to the demographic experts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Indias universe of discourse made the country quite simply a happening of epic proportions. Paul Ehlrichs visit to Delhi in 1966 forms the opening of his book The Population Bomb, and his shock as he describes Indias crowds is palp qualified People eating, people washing, people sleeping . . . people visiting, arguing and shout . . . people clinging to buses . . . people, people, people. But in the last two decades, this depressing fantasy of Indias race as an overwhelming burden has been turned on its head. With growth, our human capital has emerged as a vibrant source of workers and consumers not just for India, but also for the orbiculate economy.But this change in our attitudes has not come easily. Since independence, India struggled for decades with policies that tried to put the lid on its surging macrocosm. It is only recently that the country has been able to look its b illion in the eye and consider its advantages. MILLIONS ON AN ANTHILL For most of the twentieth century, people both within and outside India viewed us through a lens that was distinctly Malthusian. As a short and extremely crowded part of the world, we seemed to vindicate Thomas Malthuss uniquely despondent visionthat great population growth inevitably led to great famine and despair.The time that Thomas Malthus, writer, dilettante economist and clergyman (the enduring term history gave him would be the gloomy par watchword), lived in may have greatly influenced his theory on population. Nineteenth-century England was seeing very high behave rates, with families having children by the bakers dozen. Malthus who, as the second of eight children, was himself part of the population explosion he bemoanedpredicted in his An search on *Tbe Alchemist, Liars Poker and (Tom Friedman would be delighted) The World Is Flat have been perennial favourites for Indian pirates.the Principle of Population that the unprecedented increases in population would lead to a cycle of famines, of epidemics, and sickly seasons. India in particular seemed to be speedily bearing down the path that Malthus predicted. On our shores, famine was a repair visitor. We endured thirty hunger famines* between 1770 and 1950 plagues during which entire provinces saw a third of their population disappear, and the countryside was covered with the attenuate bones of the millions dead.1 By the mid twentieth century, neo-Malthusian prophets were sounding the alarm on the disastrous population growth in India and China, and predicted that the impact of such growth would be felt around the world. Their apocalyptic scenarios helped rid draconian approaches to birth control. Policies recommending sterilization of the unfit and the disabled, and the killing of defective babies gained the air of respectable theory.2 Indias increasing dependence on food aid from the developed world due to domestic short ages also fuelled the panic around its population growthin 1960 India had consumed one-eighth of the United States total pale yellow production, and by 1966 this had grown to onefourth. Consequently, if you were an adult in the 1950s and 1960s and followed the news, it was entirely plausible to believe that the end game for humanity was just round the corner you may also have believed that this catastrophe was the making of some overly fecund Indians. Nehru, observing the hand-wringing, remarked that the Western world was getting frightened at the prospect of the spate of Asia becoming vaster and vaster, and swarming all over the place.And it is true that Indians of this generation had a cultural affinity for unsound families, until now among the middle classevery long holiday during my childhood was spent at my grandparents foretoken with my cousins, and a family photo from that time has a hundred people crammed into the frame. Indian families were big enough to be your *Amar tya Sen and others have pointed out, however, that plot these famines may have seemed to be the consequence of a country that was both short(p) and overpopulated, they were in fact triggered partly by trade policies and the lack of infrastructure. Lord Lytton exported wheat from India at the raising of the 1876-78 famine, and the lack of connectivity across the country affected transportation of grain to affected areas.Main social batchmost people did not mingle extensively outside family weddings, celebrations and visits to each others homes. The growing global worries around our population growth created immense pressure on India to impose some crystallise of control on our birth rates, and we became the first developing country to initiate a family planning architectural plan. But our early family planning policies had an unusual emphasis on self-control.3 In part this was influenced by leading such as Gandhi, who preached abstinence in an interesting departure from his us ual policy of non-violence, he had said, Wives should contract off their husbands with force, if necessary.This focus on abstinence and self-restraint keep with independent Indias first wellness minister, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, who was in the odd position of being at the helm of a family planning programme while opposing family planning in principle.4 As a result Indian policy during this decade emphasized the rhythm method. Rural India was targeted for raising awareness of the method, and one villager remarked of its success, They talked of the rhythm method to people who didnt know the calendar. Then they gave us rosaries of coloured beads . . . at night, people couldnt tell the red bead for dont from the green for go ahead. 5 Not surprisingly, Indias population continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s, as fertility remained stubbornly high even while infant mortality and death rates fell rapidly.This was despite the massive awareness-building efforts around family planning that the administration undertook. I still remember the small family songs on the radio and the walls of our cities, the sides of buses and trucks were papered with posters that featured happy (and small) cartoon families, and slogans homogeneous Us Two, Ours Two. And yet, each census release made it clear that our population numbers continued to relentlessly soar, and we despaired over a graph that was climbing too high, too fast. SNIP, SNIP As the global panic around population growth surged, the Indian and Chinese governments began executing white-knuckle measures of family planning in the 1960s. Our sign is on fire, Dr S. Chandrasekhar, minister of health and family planning, said in 1968. If we focused much on sterilization, he added, We can get the blaze under control.By the 1970s, programmes and targets for sterilization of citizens were set up for Indian states. There was even a vasectomy clinic set up at the Victoria Terminus rail station in Bombay, to bring home the b acon to the passenger traffic flowing through. 7 But no matter how Indian governments tried to call forth sterilization with incentives and sops, the number of people willing to undergo the occasion did not go up. Indias poor wanted childrenand especially sonsas economic security. State efforts to persuade citizens into sterilization backfired in unexpected waysas when many people across rural India refused to have the anti-tuberculosis BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, injections because of a rumour that BCG stood for birth control government.8 In 1975, however, Indira Gandhi announced the Emergency, which suspended democratic rights and elections and endowed her with new powers of persuasion, so to speak.The Indian government morphed into a frighteningly sycophantic group, there to do the bidding of the prime minister and her son Sanjaythe same hotheaded young man who had described the Cabinet ministers as ignorant buffoons, thought his baffle a ditherer and regarded the Philippin es dictator Ferdinand Marcos his role model.9 In the winter of 1976, I, along with some of my fellow IIT Bombay students, had arrived on the festival circuit in Delhi to participate in the student debates and quizzes (yes, I was an inveterate nerd). It meant going from college to college for competitions, from Hindu to St Stephens to Miranda House to IIT Delhi. Most of us from the sylvan, secluded campus of IIT Bombay were not as politically aware as the Delhi studentsthe only elections we followed were those for the ITT hostels and student body. But in the Delhi of the Emergency years, sitting around campfires, one heard the whispered tales of Emergency-era atrocities, and of one particular outragenasbandi.Sanjay, who had discovered a taste and talent for authoritarianism with the Emergency, had made sterilizationspecifically male sterilization or nasbandi his pet project. The sterilization measures that were introduced came to be known as the Sanjay Effecta combination, as the de mographer Ashish Bose put it to me, of coercion, cruelty, corruption and cooked figures. Ashish notes that incentives to undergo the sterilization cognitive operation included laws that required a sterilization certificate before government permits and rural credit could be granted. Children of parents with more than three children free-base that schools refused them admission, and prisoners did not get parole until they went under the knife. And some government departments persuaded their more reluctant employees to undergo the procedure by threatening them with charges of embezzlement.* The steep sterilization targets for state governments meant that people were oftentimes rounded up deal sheep and taken to family planning clinics. For instance, one journalist witnessed municipal police in the small town of Barsi, Maharashtra, force several hundred peasants visiting Barsi on market day off the streets.They drove these men in two garbage trucks to the local family planning cli nic, where beefy orderlies held them down while they were given vasectomies.10 This scene ingeminate itself time and again, across the country. It was difficult to trust the sterlization figures the government released since there was so much pressure on the states for results. Nevertheless, the Emergency-era sterilization programme, Ashish notes, may have achieved nearly two-thirds of its targeteight million sterilizations. But democracy shortly hit back with a stunning blow. When Indira Gandhi called for elections in 1977ignoring Sanjays protests, much to his ire11the relative was immediately tossed out of power. The nasbandi programme was the last gasp of coercive family planning in India on a large scale, and it became political suicide to implement similar policies.The Janata Party government that followed Indira even changed the label of the programme to avoid the stigma it carried, and family planning became family welfare. While sterilization programmes have occasionally reappeared across states, they have been mostly voluntary, with the focus on incentives to undergo the procedure, f *Asoka Bandarage describes the target fever in Indias sterilization programmes, which gave rise to speed doctors who competed against each other to perform the most number of operations every day, often under ghastly, unhygienic conditions.One celebrated figure was the Indian gynaecologist P.V. Mehta, who entered the Guinness Book of World Records for sterilizing more than 350,000 people in a decadehe claimed that he could perform forty sterilizations in an hour. tThese sweeteners for the procedure have at times been very strange and a little suspect, such as Uttar Pradeshs guns for sterilisation policy in 2004, under which scheme Indians purchasing firearms or seeking gun licences were told they would be fast-tracked if they could round up volunteers for sterilization. A district in Madhya Pradesh also made a similar guns for vasectomies exsert to its residents in 20 08.