Human Growth and Development Essay

translation of PlagiarismPlagiarism is an attempt (deliberate or inadvertent) to gain advantage by the representation of an an early(a)(prenominal) psyches cook, with expose ac chouseledgement of the source, as the school pip-squeaks let for the purposes of satisfying formal opinion requirements. accepted forms of plagiarism include1. the use in a students own work of to a greater extent than a single phrase from another persons work with extinct the use of quotation attach and acknowledgement of the source 2. the summarising of another persons work by simply changing a few works or altering the order of presentation, without acknowledgement 3. the use of ideas or intellectual data of another person without acknowledgement of the source, or the submission or presentation of work as if it were the students own, which argon substantially the ideas or intellectual data of another person 4. copying the work of another person5. the submission of work, as if it were the students ow n, which has been obtained from the internet or any other form of information technology 6. the submission of coursework making signifi evoket use of unattri neverthelessed digital images such as graphs, tables, photographs, etc. bear awayn from books/articles, the internet or from the work of another person 7. the submission of a break offing of work which has previously been assessed for a contrasting award or module or at a divergent institution as if it were new work8. a student who results or is involved in allowing, either knowingly or unknowingly, another student to copy anothers work including animal(prenominal) or digital images would be deemed to be guilty of plagiarism. 9. If plagiarism is suspected students will be need to supply an electronic copy of the work in question so that it whitethorn be subjected to electronic plagiarism detection testing. Therefore students be required to keep work electronically until after(prenominal) they make their results as el ectronic detection may be part of the investigative process.Source Assessment enchiridion 15f.In submitting this work I stand I perk up read and understood the regulations relating to plagiarism and academic misconduct that I signed when I submitted my Assessment Confirmation Form.In submitting this work I confirm I reserve read and understood the regulations relating to plagiarism and academic misconduct that I signed when I submitted my Assessment Confirmation Form.ASSIGNMENT TITLEHuman Growth and Development PortfolioI am observing a 22 month old boy, who for this report I will call tom. gobbler lives with his still, protoactinium and elder sister mollie who is 3 years of age and has just started nursery. His momma stays at crustal plate with the children whilst Dad works. Both pargonnts are from Poland thus polish is their first language, however their momma explained to me that mollie is deviation to nursery to develop her English. She likewise give tongue to that tom was only communicatoryise a little somewhat words English and some Polish. I will be observing gobbler in his home. distinguish tom Week unity12.10.2012 word count 991I arrived at the flat and was greeted by toms mother who took my coat and showed me around the flat. toms sister was sat eating at the table in the living room and Tom walked out of his bedroom and disembodied spirited at me. He stared at me and I said hello, he smiled and ran back in his bedroom. mollie walked subdue the hall and smiled at me and verbalize to understood in polish and mommy replied, she therefore galloped past me and sat on the floor with toys. mama told me that she had told Molly they had a visitor coming but they had to pretend I was invisible she said she hadnt told Tom as he wouldnt check. Besides the anxiety I was experiencing, I felt up kinda comfortable in the flat, the smell of washing powder was very familiar and I presently warmed to the children. It sound offm ed as though they were waiting for me to engage and it felt alien that I couldnt. Mum advance the children to do work in their bedroom as they were both stood looking at me.Mum went into the kitchen and I crouched down in the corner of the bedroom. I quickly realised this wasnt a great idea as they both presented me with toys and giggled looking at for each one other. Molly passed me a Barbie and held another one and said, This is dolly and you have man dolly she thus spoke in character through the Barbie and said, Hello I constitute it difficult to divert from playing with her, I said hello and passed it to Tom to encourage them to play to shellher. Molly proceed to say, This is dolly exhausting to pass her to me. She seemed about frustrated that I was attempting to divert her circumspection international from me and I found it unnatural.As kneeling down was attracting their attention I stood in the doorway out the way. Mum came in the bedroom and direct a childrens vid eodisk of nursery rhymes. Molly started move about Tom watched Molly and copied her jumping. They both smiled and kept looking at me. I smiled at them but was unsure of my facial expressions because I didnt want to seem too approachable. I go along to pay off it uncomfortable how much they seemed to plea for my attention and I couldnt respond properly. Molly whence got out a box of Lego and brought it everyplace to where I was stood, Tom followed and they started building the blocks together. They played nicely, taking it in turns I enjoyed watching them and felt at ease that the attention was off me.When they made a tower Molly said, no finish, no finish each time they stray a piece on and then said, Finished and they both clapped their moots smiling. They did this several multiplication. I noticed that Tom seemed relaxed and let Molly take the overtake when she wanted to. Molly then went to get a picnic enured and brought it back. Tom dissemble to pour me a drink and pas sed me a cup I said Thank-you and pretended to drink. I pointed at Molly to encourage him to pass it to her. Molly laid three plates on the floor and pointed at one and said, Play? I think Mum could see that I needed some help deviate their attention so she encouraged Molly to go back into her bedroom and they put some books away. Tom quickly ran back in his room following them.Mum laid a picnic mantle and laid it down on the floor in the bedroom and asked Molly to bring the picnic set in there. Mum then changed Toms nappy. Molly fluctuated from polish to English as she spoke. She then got out a fancy dress and showed me, saying Look its Mollys dress. Mum helped her put it on. Tom tugged at the box of fancy dress clothes and so Mum also helped him into a cook. They danced around the room together laughing. Molly kept spinning around and giggling and Tom copied her. I desire the way Mum had no problem with letting Tom wear a skirt and it reminded me of my own puerility when my yo unger brother would also wear my dresses. Wheels on the bus came on and Tom danced in front of the television system and they both did the arm motions. Tom wiggled his bum and stood right in front of the television. Mum laughed and sat cross legged next to them.Although the children were quite active, the atmosphere in the house was very becalm and quiet, Mums presence was very peaceful and she spoke very quietly. Molly climbed on to her bed, Mum went everyplace and tickled her she giggled aloud. Tom still had his skirt on and continued to dance around the room. He then started to push a shover with a doll in around the room he continued to watch the television and wiggled his bum watching with his mouth open. He then tipped over the pram and sat on the floor he held the back wheel and moved it like he was sham to drive.Molly then ran in to the hall and put on her shoes Tom followed her and copied her. Molly put a hat on and then put one on Toms head. Mum laughed and helped To m put his shoes on. She then tested to take off Toms skirt but he held on to it so she let him keep it on. Tom then pottered back into his bedroom where Molly was dancing, he joined in. Molly spun around with her eyes closed and then giggled looking at me. Tom copied her and stumbled backwards, Molly pulled Tom towards her and cuddled him and kissed his face. I wondered if Molly was acting up because she was being watched by me, I questioned whether their demeanor was entirely natural. End of observation.Observing Tom Week four02.11.2012 word count 1,025When I arrived Tom ran out of his bedroom and into his parents room. He climbed up on to the bed and turned around to look at Mum, smiling as if he knew she was going to react. Mum said, Hey, Tom in a antifertility manner heretofore smiling. She grabbed him playfully and tickled him he laughed loudly and squealed rolling on his back. He then climbed up on to the windowpane sill. Mum spoke much sternly to Tom (in Polish) I assum ed she was ask him to either get down or be careful. Again Tom turned back and looked at Mum gingerly with a cheeky smile. Mum told me she had felt poorly for a couple of calendar workweeks she seemed quite run down and a little stressed. However she was patient with Tom. Mum was sat next to him and had her hand on the window handle so he couldnt open it. Tom pointed out the window and looked astonished, Mum said, Oooh **** (Polish) Tom repeated the word and Mum nodded and smiled.She explained to me that he had seen a motor bike, she then pointed at various things out the window and said their names and Tom attempted to repeat the words. Tom spoke in a deep voice and stuck his chest out. Mum laughed and told me she was pointing out the vehicles names. I wondered whether Tom was speaking in a deep voice to imitate someone or whether he was trying to be manly. Tom then reached out to the window handle, Mum said, Tom firmly and took his hands away. He did this several to a greater e xtent times, Mum again said his name and on the 4th time Tom imitated Mum and shouted, Tom Mum started laughing and picked him up and sat him on the bed and tickled him again, he laughed loudly and then climbed down and ran out into the hallway. Molly came out into the hall from her bedroom and smiled at me, she then ran after Tom and they both went into the living room. Mum pulled out their table and chairs and got out some paper for them.Molly said, Were going to paint, you know? Mum laughed and sat them down with some paint and cups of water. Tom picked up two paint light touches and banged them on his paper and made roaring sounds. He then struggled to pick up paint on his paint brush and frowned as he brushed over the pallets of paint, he tried to paint on the paper but nothing stuck, he stamped his feet a few times. Molly wonky up much water on her paint brush and slowly brushed her paint brush over the pallets, she seemed to know what she was doing, perhaps from painting a t Nursery or remembering what Mum or Dad had taught her. Tom seemed a lot more impatient and frustrated and looked at Molly painting, slightly frowning. He then leant over and painted on her paper.She shouted out, No Tom But he had left no mark, just a watery smear, so she pulled her paper away and continued to paint. Mum turned around and said, Hey, hey Tom. Tom continued to try to paint and let out noises of frustration Mum came over and tried to help him apply the paint on his brush. Molly said, Mimi and Mum drew a paddy field Mouse face on her piece of paper in pink. Molly held her paper and came over to me saying, Look its Mimi, Mickey Mouse, you know? I laughed and wondered if Molly had heard someone at Nursery saying, you know and was imitating them as she had said it a few times and I hadnt heard her say it before. Tom leant over and tried to paint on Mollys Mickey Mouse, Molly squealed out and shouted, No, Tom Mum seemed to tell them off as she spoke sternly in Polish, how ever still remained calm. The children seemed more agitated today and I wondered if Mum being ill had slightly impacted their conduct, although Mum seemed to be struggling she was still calm with the children.I also noticed that Mum and Molly spoke more in Polish than previous weeks, I wondered if this was because they were more comfortable in my presence. Mum drew a Mickey Mouse for Tom so he wouldnt bother Molly anymore. She drew his Mickey Mouse in blue, perhaps to tell the difference between whose was whose, but I also attended whether it was tinge coded for girl and boy. He smiled and shouted, Mimi Molly and Tom both called out, Mimi they seemed to be in competition with each other of who could shout louder and laughed each time they shouted. Tom then went around the table on the verso side to Molly and she prodded him playfully in his tummy with the end of her paint brush. Tom giggled so she did it again, she continued to do it and they both giggled more and more each time, becoming very excited.Molly then climbed up onto a seat at the dining room table and asked Mum if she could have her stickers, Tom went over and peered up at the table to see what Molly was doing. Mum helped Tom into his seat and brought over a sheet of stickers, Molly began sticking them onto her paper but Tom struggled to peel his stickers off, he made a fist and banged the paper making grunting noises.Mum went over again and helped him peel them off. Tom struggled again when Mum went back to the computer so he seemed to lose interest and again became more interested in Mollys paper. Seeing Tom struggling made me feel uncomfortable that I couldnt assist him. Tom climbed down from the table and ran into his bedroom he peered up at the shelf of videodiscs. He shouted out, perhaps in Polish, Mum came in the room and pointed at various DVDs until he said yes. She put on a film called Pipi Tom danced around to the mental home music and stood close to the screen wiggling his bottom. E nd of observation.In this essay I will evaluate my image as an observer and describe the place of observation in Social work. Finally, I will focalize on gender culture as my major theme of consideration. Initially, although I was a little perceptive I came to find the map of the observer a considerable challenge. Although in some ways I grew more comfortable with certain aspects of the exercise, I found a degree of rawness in the role I was to undertake. I could relate greatly to the content of Quitak, N (2004) article, as I too struggled to find my feet to gain the right balance in distance and involvement. I experienced feelings of guilt when the children required my attention and shapet that I had to tolerate the anxiety of non-intervention. Trowell and Miles (1991) say in relation to well-disposed work, that due to the requirements of the role, they at times have to be assertive (cited in Quitak, 2004). Therefore to be in effect(p), they moldiness come to terms with t he discomfort this can imply. Mattinson (1975) cited in Quitak, N (2004) discusses this concept in terms of the psychological distance often required.Trowell and Miles (1991) cited in Quitak (2004) in terms of remaining actively positive retaining a physical distance, whilst allowing one self to kick the bucket deeply involved. When recording my observation afterwards, I found that the first things I recalled were from the first and last part of the hour, plus what was unusual and stood out to me. Munro (1991) says that this is because we are trying to hold onto awareness of the surroundings and the different ways in which people converse and interact, (cited in Lefevre, 2010). I recognised I was preoccupied with trying to remember everything. On reflection I realised that I should have observed everything and then later on try to identify the almost salient points. A further distraction was Toms sister, Molly, who features intemperately in my records, because her demeanor was m ore emphatic, however, I was unable to moderate her behaviour in order to allow Tom a more significant role. Munro (1991) says that such challenges and disruptions to memory are one of the reasons assessments are often based on incomplete or inaccurate information.I was also concerned on whether pre-determined bias would creep in, as indeed, peoples values, culture and previous experiences will always cultivate how they interpret what they see (Cox, 2005, cited in Lefevre, 2010). Furthermore due to Tom not speaking properly yet and the language barrier it was harder for me to recall as I couldnt prompt my memory with odd sentences. Malekoff (1994) says that thoughts and feelings of children are often steamyly processed and conveyed through more direct means, and body language may pass on weighty clues as to how they feel (cited in Lefevre, M. 2010). This heightened my awareness of non-verbal communication and improved my capacity to analyse non- verbal behaviour. Observing child ren over time may help to explain what relates more to their general character and what susceptibility be a response to caretaking and environmental experiences.What they convey through certain choices provides perceptivity into their genial indistinguishability and sense of self and ethnical norms. Plus their racial identity element may also be revealed. A social worker will need to be open to different social and cultural experiences and consider how a child may be affected by different factors such as ethnocentrism. Self-awareness and ground of the impact of oppression on racial identity will be important (Robinson, 2007, cited in Lefevre, 2010). upstart work on prejudice/identity development focuses on applications of intergroup guess to examine the basis of social categorization and its effects. One development has been to look more generally at childrens knowledge of other countries and nationalities (Cowie et al. 2009). I believe this could be very beneficial for Tom i n the future. When watching the children I questioned whether their behaviour was altered by my presence (see week one, take outs 58-62 and week four, lines 109-110).The experience of being observed can beset anxiety and feelings of disempowerment due to possible fear of being judged or misunderstood, which can result in them behaving differently. In relation to assessments, it is important to consider how workers might affect the observed situation (Tanner and Turney, 2000 cited in Lefevre, 2004). I understand that the move from observation to interpretation is complex and therefore should proceed with caution. In bringing reflective approaches to child observations into social work, a link is made between knowledge of human ingathering and development, observational skills and effective social work communication with children (Luckock et al, 2006, p 39). A picture of a childrens world, particularly their emotional experience, is created, which may include how they interact with and respond to parents.This may then be used to inform assessment and care planning, including the assessment of neglect (Tanner and Turney, 2000), child protection assessments (Fleming, 2004), multidisciplinary assessments for the family courts (Youell, 2002) and the supervision of contact (Hindle and Easton, 1999). The debate about the health, resort and welfare of children became a preoccupation of government following the death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 (Youell, 2009 and Wilson, 1992). It can call forth to both ones own and ones partners expression, with lack of expressiveness on either ones part seen as dissatisfying (Hecht et al., 1989). Cultures vary in what is considered appropriate channelling of emotions. For example in some cultural groups restraint of strong feelings is highly valued. Social workers must always consider cultural factors when assessing people (Robinson, 2007. Pg. 116-120).I considered cultural differences whilst observing, Mum was always very quiet a nd when I met Dad, he was also quiet. Although I was aware that this may be their personalities, I considered if is in their culture to be quiet (see week one, line 49). This experience has taught me that although it is imperative for practitioners to be sensitive to the impact of our presence, it is vital not to forget that we must remain focussed upon the objectives set for the observation. From observing Tom, I found myself particularly interested in his behaviour in relation to his gender role. I became drawn in to spotting which toys interested him, what he chose to wear and his general behaviour. Piaget has shown how important symbolisation is to cognitive development. One of the many important things children must learn during their first years is what sex they are they learn that they are expected to behave in different ways according to whether they are a boy or a girl. Learning to behave befittingly for their sex involves encyclopaedism their gender identity (Davenport, 1992, pg. 275).I will be looking at theories of acquiring a sex-role, looking at biological factors, social learning and cognitive development. The results of various studies indicate that most children take up to acquire their sex identity from around 18 months. By 2 years they begin to identify what sex other children are, although theyre not too sure of their own gender identity until somewhere between two and a half and three years (Davenport, 1992, pg. 275). Accordingly, at 22 months, Tom should be beginning to identify gender, but not his own for another 7 or 8 months. Boys and girls differ in one chromosome pair this genetic difference normally leads to differential production of hormones. These hormones lead to differentiation of bodily characteristics, such as the genital organs, and may also influence brain growth and therefore behaviour patterns (Cowie et al, 2003). Theories emphasising biological forces look for experimental differentiate that links potent hormones wi th certain types of behaviour (Davenport, 1992). Collaer and Hines (1995) cited in Cowie et al. (2009) examined the evidence for the effects of sex hormone abnormalities on behaviour over a cast of outcome variables.They conclude that the evidence is strongest for childhood play behaviour in normal foetal development male sex hormones seem to predispose boys to become more physically active. They also argue that the evidence is relatively strong in two other areas aggression and sexual orientation. Such effects are consistent with evidence that some sex differences appear early in life. Much research has shown males to be more aggressive, and that aggression begins at around 2 years (Cowie et al. pg. 190-192. 2009). Tom demonstrated behaviours of aggression see observation week four (lines 88-103 and 119). This has been explained by the higher testosterone levels than young-bearing(prenominal)s.However, it is possible that boys are reinforced for behaving aggressively, and this ma kes them produce more testosterone (Cowie et al. 2009). Money and Ehrhardt (1972) carried out a study to understand the effect that the male sex hormone, androgen has on girls. They examined girls who had been exposed to unusually high levels of androgen before birth. Compared with a matched group of girls who hadnt, these girls and their mothers reported themselves to being tomboys. However, Cowie et al (2009) argue that because the parents knew of the hormonal abnormalities, this could have affected their behaviour towards their children.While biological factors are probably important in explanations of sex differences, they do not fully explain the process of sex-role identification, or explain the variations in sex roles in different societies (Cowie et al, 2009). Social Learning theorists claim that we acquire our gender roles by observation, modelling, and being reinforced for behaving accordingly. This implies a learning process, that social factors are also important. For ex ample it may be that female babies are spoken to more often than boys, thus pick up language sooner (Davenport, pg. 276-278, 1992). On reflection, Toms Mum spoke more to Molly, although this may be because she was replying to her. An early approach to the learning of sex-role identification was that children are moulded into sex-roles by the behaviour of adults, especially parents and teachers (Bandura, 1969 Mischel, 1970). In its early version (which Maccoby, 2000, calls direct sociolization) this theory hints that parents and others reciprocate sex-appropriate behaviour in children (cited in Smith et al. 2009), (see week one, lines 45-47 and also lines 40-1 and 56-57).Mum happily helped Tom in to the skirt, although would then attempt to get it off. I wondered if this was because Mum was a bit reluctant to him vesture it, or even feared I may judge her. I also considered if it would be different if Dad were around. Fagot (1978) studied children ages 20-24 months in American hom es and found that girls were encouraged by their parents to dance, dress up and play with dolls, whereas boys were encouraged to play with blocks and trucks. Conversely, Toms Mum did not discourage him from playing with the pram (see week one, lines 51-54) a typical girls toy. Furthermore Fagot (1985) found that nursery school teachers tend to reward feminine types of behaviour, in both boys and girls, yet this does not prevent boys engaging more in noisy, bare-knuckle play. Nevertheless, many reviews have felt that this evidence has not been very convincing (Golombok, and Hines, 2002 Maccoby, 2000, cited in Smith et al. 2009). It may be that any differential behaviour by parents is simply responding to pre-existing differences in boys and girls behaviour (Davenport, 1992). validatory socialization (Maccoby, 2000), supposes that children observe the behaviour of same sex models, and imitate them, for example, boys might imitate the behaviour of male figures on TV (cited in Smith et al. 2009).TV features in every record, and Tom was always very wrapped and on more than one occasion I noticed him imitating what was acted or said (see week one, line 52). A report by Himmelweit et al. (1958) looked for changes in childrens behaviour with the concern that violence on television may make children more aggressive, and that many programmes portray stereotyped images of sex roles. Alternatively, others think that television can be used to encourage cooperative behaviour, or reduced stereotyped views (Greenfield, 1984, cited in Smith et al. 2009).This introduces influences on behaviour that suggest the importance of cognitive factors. Social cognitive theory (Bussey and Bandura, 1999) draws together the ideas of both theories. They suggest children monitor their own behaviour built on what is appropriate identification with peer group observe their behaviour in relation to how they expect same-sex peers might react (cited in Cowie et al. 2009). I didnt get to see Tom interact with any male children, I found Molly to be a great influence on his behaviour i.e. see week one lines 21-22, 26 and 59.I imagine this is because supposedly he has not yet identified himself as a boy and does not have much, if any, contact with other boys of similar age. Preference for same-sex peers seems to be a cross-cultural phenomenon, and one that increases through childhood into adolescence. Maccoby (1998, 200) has documented this, and argues that it is a key factor in integrating not only cognitive and social factors, but also the biological factors affecting sex differences (Cowie et al. 2009).Observing Tom enabled me a great insight into his world, but has also indeed taught me a lot about myself, gaining skills of self-awareness and reflective practice that I fancy to bring to future practice.BibliographyBandura, A. 1969 Social Learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. A Goslin (ed.), Handbook of Socialization speculation and Research. Chicago Rand Mc Nally.Peter K.Smith, Helen Cowie and Mark Blades (2009). Understanding Childrens Development . 4th ed. Oxford Blackwell Publishing. 186-194.G C Davenport (1992). An entre to Child development. London Colins Educational. 275-291.Money, J. and Ehrhardt, A. A. 1972 Man and Woman, Boy and Girl. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press.Michelle Lefevre (2010). Communicating with children and young people making a difference. Bristol The Policy Press. 147-169.Judith Trowell and Gillian Miles. (1991). The contribution of observation training to professional development in social work . journal of social work practice. 5 (1), 50-56.Natasha Quitak. (2010). Difficulties in Holding the role of the observer.Journal of social work practice. 18 (2), 247-253.Lena Robinson (2007). cross-cultural child development for social workers an introduction. London Palgrave Macmillan. 116-120.Kate Wilson. (1992). The place of child observation in social work.Journal of social work practice. 6 (1), 37-47 .Biddy Youell . (2009). Guide to emotional and behavioural health . Available http//www.ccinform.co.uk/articles/2009/10/19/3614/guide+to+emotional+and+behavioural+health.html. Last accessed 27th Nov 2012.